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Insuficienta hepatica acuta



INSUFICIENTA HEPATICA ACUTA


DEFINITIE


Insuficienta hepatica acuta este un sindrom clinico-biologic de etiologie diversa, ce apare in urma necrozei hepatocitare masive, compromitand functiile ficatului: detoxifiere,  endocrina si metabolica.




ETIOLOGIE


Cauze

Varsta

< 3 luni

> 3 luni

Infectioase

virus hepatic B

virus hepatic C

virus hepatic A

virus Ebstein-Barr

virus citomegalic

virus herpes simplex

rubeola congenitala

lues congenital

















Metabolice

tirozinemie ereditara

galactozemie

intoleranta la fructoza

boala Wilson









Vasculare

ficatul din soc

boala veno-ocluziva





Autoimune

hepatita autoimuna cu celule gigante si anemie hemolitica

alte hepatite autoimune







Maligne

leucemie acuta

infiltrare hepatica maligna





Toxice

Paracetamol

ciuperci necomestibile

Halotan

Acid valproic

Izoniazida

Rifampicina













frecvent ++ putin frecvent + rar + foarte rar


ANAMNEZA


antecedente heredocolaterale sugestive

antecedente personale patologice: boli cu posibila afectare hepatica

medicatie hepatotoxica in antecedente

debut la 8 saptamani de la simptomele specifice si nespecifice



CLINIC


semne nespecifice: alimentatie dificila (sugar), anorexie, varsaturi, dureri abdominale, icter progresiv, foetor hepatic

encefalopatie hepatica (vezi stadializare)

sindrom hemoragipar: hemoragii cutaneo-mucoase, digestive, cerebrale; CID + fibrinoliza (faze tardive)


Stadializarea clinica a encefalopatiei hepatice


Stadiul

Semne clinice

EEG

I

perioade de letargie, confuzie, euforie, tulburari somn-veghe

Normal

II

dezorientare temporo-spatiala, agitatie alternand cu somnolenta, tulburari de comportament, asterix

Ritm lent, unde θ

III

stupoare (trezire doar la stimuli), poate raspunde la stimuli auditivi dar mai slab la stimuli vizuali, hiperreflexie

Ritm foarte lent

IV

A

coma profunda (flasca), raspunde la durere prin postura de decorticare / decerebrare, reflexe arhaice +, reflex cornean + / reflex fotomotor +, convulsii

Unde δ de amplitudine scazuta

B

fara raspuns la durere


PARACLINIC


Sange

Urina

Alte investigatii

HLG

glicemie (scazuta)

ionograma (hiponatremie, hipocalcemie)

ASTRUP

TGP, TGO (1000 VN)

γ-GT, BT, BD, amoniemie (crescuta)

hemostaza: TP, INR, TPTA, timp proconvertina, timp proaccelerina, fibrinogen

electroforeza (hipoalbuminemie)

lipidograma 

α-fetoproteina

uree, creatinina (crescute)

serologie virala

toxicologie

sumar

ionograma

toxicologie

toxicologie aspirat gastric

radiografie toracica

ecografie abdominala

ECG

ecografie cardiaca

EEG

CT craniu


DIAGNOSTIC DIFERENTIAL


come neurologice / come de alte etiologii

intoxicatii cu droguri psihotrope

coagulopatii de alte etiologii

sindrom Reye

soc hemoragic

EVALUAREA SEVERITATII (in functie de IP)


Forma

IP (% din VN)

Usoara


Medie


Severa


Letala

< 10


Factori de prognostic sever (criterii de transplant hepatic)


encefalopatie stadiul III sau IV

icter prelungit cu BT > 15 mg%

INR > 4

TP > 60 sec, necorectabil dupa administrare de vitamina K1

TPT > 20 sec fata de martor

hipoglicemie severa

acidoza metabolica severa

albumina serica < 2,5 g%

ascita refractara la diuretice

hemoragie din varice esofagiene necontrolata cu scleroterapie

colesterolemie < 100 mg%


COMPLICATII


edem cerebral

hemoragii masive

hipoglicemie

IRA

sindrom hepato-renal

tulburari electrolitice, acido-bazice

infectii (respiratorii, urinare)

insuficienta respiratorie acuta

tulburari de ritm cardiac

hipotensiune arteriala

deces






MONITORIZARE


Clinic ■

Admisie

Orar

2h

6h

12h

24h

Paraclinic □

TA






HLG

FC






Ionograma serica

FR






ASTRUP

SpO2






Uree, creatinina serica

PVC






Glicemie

Diureza







TGP, TGO, g-GT

Status neurologic






BT, BD

Bilant hidric






Amoniemie

Greutate





Hemostaza

Temperatura





ECG








Ecografie abdominala







EEG


CRITERII DE ADMISIE IN TI


encefalopatie hepatica

hemoragie digestiva

insuficienta renala

insuficienta respiratorie

infectii severe

tulburari ale coagularii

hipoglicemie dificil de corectat

acidoza lactica



TRATAMENT


confort termic (tendinta la hipotermie)

nevoi hidrice: 1200 - 1500 ml /m2/zi

- Glucoza 10 %

- Na+: 1-2 mEq/kg/zi

- K+, Ca++: dupa ionograma

- NaHCO3  la pH < 7,10

- Tiamina, Piridoxina

evita: sedative (Diazepam), corticoterapia (exceptie hepatita autoimuna)

antibioterapie profilactica

Masuri generale

 

Combaterea hipoxiei

 
Indicatiile IT:

Glasgow < 8

encefalopatie stadiul III, IV

se evita in caz de coagulopatie severa

Medicatie folosita pentru intubatie:

Lidocaina 1 mg/kg  iv (previne spasmul glotic si cresterea PIC-ului)

Tiopental 1-5 mg/kg  iv

Rocuronium 0,6 mg/kg  iv

Ventilatie mecanica cu:

VC 10 - 12 ml/kg

PEEP = 2

mentinerea PaCO2 = 30-40 mmHg si pH < 7,50


Encefalopatie hepatica

 
sonda nasogastrica

Lactuloza 0,4-0,5 g/kg po la 1-2h pana la aparitia scaunelor apoi 0,25 g/kg la 6-8h

Neomicina 100 mg/kg/zi  po la 6h; maxim 4 g/zi

Arginina Sorbitol 10-20 ml/kg/zi

Flumazenil 20 μg /kg iv bolus, apoi 5 μg/kg/h pana la superficializarea comei

limitarea aportului proteic < 0,5 g/kg/zi


Edem cerebral

 
pozitionarea bolnavului: ridicarea trunchiului la 30o

hiperventilatie moderata, PaCO2  30-35 mmHg (discutabila)

Manitol  0,25 g /kg iv la 6h


Vitamina K1 0,2 mg/kg /zi iv maxim 10 mg, 3 zile

sange proaspat 10-20 ml/kg

Sindrom hemoragipar

 
crioprecipitat

In caz de sangerare activa:

MT (cand trombocitele < 50.000/mm3) 

2 ui/10 kg

PPC 10-15 ml/kg

rFVIIa  60-120 μg/kg iv la 2-3h sau 10-20 μg/kg/h



BIBLIOGRAFIE


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